COPA

A curated way in: questions about Satoshi Nakamoto and Bitcoin history, each pointing to where this archive answers it in full.

No block-size limit, one company's reference client, and five 51%-attack reorgs in a single year — Bitcoin SV's design record, measured against the 'original protocol' it set out to restore.

Bitcoin Cash inherited Bitcoin's ledger and 21 million cap at the 2017 fork, then split twice more under implementation teams with no single founder to arbitrate.

Hashcash's inventor and the first person Satoshi contacted. In April 2026 the NYT named him the closest stylometric match among 620 cryptography-mailing-list writers. The evidence, weighed.

On April 8, 2026, the New York Times published John Carreyrou's investigation naming Adam Back as the most likely Satoshi based on stylometric analysis. Back denied the identification.

A reply that read like the continuation of Satoshi's thought — and two days later, Satoshi went silent. The evidence for HBO's Peter Todd identification, weighed.

The COPA v Wright record revealed that Nicholas Bohm — previously known only for a January 2009 bitcoin-list bug report — also exchanged a private series of troubleshooting emails with Satoshi.

The UK High Court rules definitively that Craig Steven Wright is not Satoshi Nakamoto, finding that he fabricated evidence on a grand scale to support his false claim.

Mike Hearn testifies at the COPA v Wright trial, recounting his direct interactions with Satoshi and describing how Wright failed his technical check questions at a 2016 dinner.

Adam Back reflects on his August 2008 email exchange with Satoshi, his regret at not reading the whitepaper carefully, and his COPA v Wright testimony where the complete chain became public.

During Day 13 of COPA v Wright, Martti Malmi testified via video link and submitted 260 emails (140,000 words) exchanged with Satoshi between May 2009 and February 2011, published on GitHub.

After the London High Court ordered bitcoin.org to remove the Bitcoin whitepaper, Cobra responded on Twitter with a critique declaring cryptographic rules superior to court-enforced ones.

Craig Wright sued bitcoin.org operator Cobra over Bitcoin whitepaper copyright. Cobra refused to reveal his identity, resulting in a default judgment ordering bitcoin.org to remove the whitepaper.

Cobra (also Cøbra): Pseudonymous operator and guardian of bitcoin.org, the website originally registered by Satoshi in 2008. Chose to lose a copyright suit by default rather than reveal his identity.

Bitcoin SV (Satoshi Vision) split from Bitcoin Cash on November 15, 2018, and a hash war with the Bitcoin ABC faction followed. The SV chain restored larger blocks and 'original' opcodes.

Craig Wright publicly declared himself Satoshi in BBC, Economist and GQ interviews. His blog cryptographic proof was quickly debunked — he had reused a 2009 transaction signature.

Craig Steven Wright (born 1970): Australian computer scientist who publicly claimed to be Satoshi in May 2016. UK High Court (COPA v Wright, March 2024) found he fabricated evidence on a grand scale.

Wired and Gizmodo simultaneously publish articles identifying Australian computer scientist Craig Steven Wright as the probable creator of Bitcoin, based on leaked documents and emails.

Editorial reading of how the 2014 'Bitcoin Core' rebrand reshaped Bitcoin's authority vocabulary — PR #3408 internal disagreement, the 2015-2017 fork episodes, and Hearn's 2025 retrospective regret.

Satoshi's last email in the Malmi archive (Feb 22, 2011). Reply to Gavin (Martti in third person), handing over the bitcoin-list mailman password as PGP blocks to each.

Satoshi tells Bohm his node has been connected to 70.113.114.209 since the day before; if Bohm is not connected to it, he can't connect out either. The IP was later traced as likely Dustin Trammell's.

Satoshi's candid reply to Bohm's connectivity issue, admitting there may be no other nodes running at that moment. He encourages Bohm to keep his server online so new users have someone to connect to.

Bohm reports to Satoshi that Bitcoin has failed to establish any connections for the last day or so, despite restarts. The next day he told Satoshi he usually had 3 to 5.

Satoshi advises Bohm to forward port 8333 on his new router so his Bitcoin node can receive incoming connections: if nobody online can accept them, nodes can't connect at all.

Nicholas Bohm, a retired British solicitor and early Bitcoin user, writes to Satoshi that after installing a new router, his Bitcoin client can no longer connect to the network.

Finnish developer (born 1988); Bitcoin's most prolific early contributor after Satoshi. Exchanged ~260 emails with Satoshi, ran bitcoin.org, started the Linux port, did the first BTC-to-fiat sale.

Software engineer at Google (Maps, Earth, Gmail anti-spam) who contacted Satoshi in April 2009, became an early contributor, and built BitcoinJ. His Satoshi correspondence was made public in 2017.

Technical analysis of Bitcoin's genesis block from v0.1 source: hardcode auto-construction, the five-day gap as timestamp artifact, two-layer authorship reading, PoW headroom, key possession.

Editorial reading of Satoshi's relationship to cypherpunk, from three primary observations: he didn't know b-money, Wei Dai testified Satoshi was "not previously active," alignment with Hughes 1993.

Genealogy of every Bitcoin protocol fork that left a separate chain alive (Bitcoin Cash, SV, Gold) and the adjacent cryptocurrencies derived from Bitcoin (Namecoin, Litecoin, Dogecoin).

Reads the asymmetry between public attempts to identify Satoshi, the surviving material trail, and the persistent identification gap.

Recurring Satoshi candidates aligned across four independent layers — profile match, stylometric attribution, direct correspondence, and development environment.

Doubters called it unscalable in 2008. A famed hacker failed to break the code. A judge, a dictionary, and a Nobel nominator weighed in. What others said about Satoshi, read as one record.

British cryptographer and cypherpunk (born 1970) who invented Hashcash (1997). The first known person Satoshi contacted about Bitcoin (August 20, 2008). Co-founded Blockstream in 2014.