BIP 341 — Taproot: SegWit Version 1 Spending Rules
Taproot — Bitcoin's most significant protocol upgrade since SegWit. Combines Schnorr (BIP 340) with MAST so complex spending conditions look like simple payments on-chain.
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Taproot — Bitcoin's most significant protocol upgrade since SegWit. Combines Schnorr (BIP 340) with MAST so complex spending conditions look like simple payments on-chain.
Segregated Witness (SegWit) — Bitcoin's most significant protocol upgrade since creation. Separates signature from transaction data, fixing malleability, enabling Lightning, raising block capacity.
Peter Todd proposed BIP 65, introducing OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY — an opcode locking transaction outputs until a future time. Deployed as a soft fork, enabling escrow and payment channels.
An integer overflow bug (CVE-2010-5139) was exploited to create 184 billion BTC in Block 74638. Satoshi published a fix within 5 hours; the corrected chain overtook the invalid one within 15 hours.
Structural reading of the 2010-08-15 overflow incident — soft-fork rescue mechanics, why a 5-hour response was only achievable then, transaction-shape forensics, and the centralization paradox.