Johan Helsingius

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Event November 6, 2008 Added October 3, 2026 Updated October 21, 2026 Article

penet.fi, Napster, e-gold, the Liberty Dollar — each had a single point of failure (1995–2011)

Bitcoin Institute ↔ Johan Helsingius, Adam Back, Douglas Jackson, Bernard von NotHaus, Satoshi Nakamoto

A remailer gave up a name to a warrant, Napster's index fell to an injunction, e-gold pleaded guilty and the Liberty Dollar was raided. In November 2008 Satoshi named the pattern.